Muindasitiri yemakemikari, kune zvigadzirwa zviviri zvine mazita akafanana, zvinoti glyoxylic acid ne glycolic acid. Vanhu vanowanzotadza kusiyanisa zvinhu izvi. Nhasi, ngatitarisei zvigadzirwa zviviri izvi pamwe chete. Glyoxylic acid ne glycolic acid zvinhu zviviri zve organic zvine musiyano mukuru muchimiro uye hunhu. Musiyano wazvo unonyanya kuwanikwa muchimiro chemamorekuru, hunhu hwemakemikari, hunhu hwepanyama uye mashandisirwo azvo, seizvi:
Maumbirwo uye maumbirwo emorekuru zvakasiyana
Uyu ndiwo musiyano mukuru pakati pezviviri izvi, izvo zvinosarudza zvakananga musiyano mune zvimwe zvinhu.
CAS 298-12-4, ine fomura yemakemikari C2H2O3 uye fomura yekuvaka HOOC-CHO, ine mapoka maviri anoshanda - boka recarboxyl (-COOH) neboka realdehyde (-CHO), uye iri muboka realdehyde acid remakemikari.
CAS 79-14-1, ine fomura yemakemikari C2H4O3 uye fomura yekuvaka HOOC-CH2OH, ine mapoka maviri anoshanda - boka recarboxyl (-COOH) neboka rehydroxyl (-OH), uye iri muboka reα-hydroxy acid remakemikari.
Mafomura emamorekuru ezviviri izvi anosiyana nemaatomu maviri ehydrogen (H2), uye musiyano uripo mumapoka anoshanda (boka realdehyde vs. boka rehydroxyl) ndiwo musiyano mukuru.
Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemakemikari
Kusiyana kwemapoka anoshanda kunoita kuti pave nemaitiro akasiyana zvachose emakemikari pakati pezviviri izvi:
Hunhu hweasidhi yeglyoxylic(nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka ealdehyde):
Ine hunhu hwakasimba hwekudzikisa: boka realdehyde rinogadziriswa nyore nyore uye rinogona kuita seriver mirror reaction nesilver ammonia solution, kuita serichangobva kugadzirwa ne copper hydroxide suspension kugadzira brick-red precipitate (cuprous oxide), uye rinogonawo kugadzirwa se oxalic acid ne oxidants dzakadai se potassium permanganate ne hydrogen peroxide.
Mapoka eAldehyde anogona kuita mamwe maitiro: semuenzaniso, anogona kuita nehydrogen kuti aumbe glycolic acid (iyi imhando yehukama hwekuchinja pakati pezviviri).
Hunhu hweglycolic acid (nekuda kwekuvapo kwemapoka ehydroxyl):
Mapoka eHydroxyl ane hunhu hwenyukleophilic: anogona kuita reaction ye intramolecular kana intermolecular esterification nemapoka ecarboxyl kuti agadzire cyclic esters kana mapolyester (akadai se polyglycolic acid, chinhu chinoora chepolymer).
Mapoka ehydroxyl anogona kuoxidized: zvisinei, kuoma kweoxidation kwakanyanya kupfuura kwemapoka ealdehyde muglyoxylic acid, uye oxidant yakasimba (yakadai sepotassium dichromate) inodiwa kuti oxidize mapoka ehydroxyl kuenda kumapoka ealdehyde kana mapoka ecarboxyl.
Asidhi yeboka re carboxyl: Ose ane mapoka e carboxyl uye ane acidic. Zvisinei, boka re hydroxyl re glycolic acid rine simba rekupa maerekitironi paboka re carboxyl, uye acidity yaro haina kusimba zvishoma pane ye glycolic acid (glycolic acid pKa≈3.18, glycolic acid pKa≈3.83).
Hunhu hwakasiyana hwemuviri
Mamiriro uye kunyungudika:
Inonyungudika nyore nyore mumvura uye muzvinhu zvinonyungudutsa zve polar organic (senge ethanol), asi nekuda kwemusiyano uripo mu molecular polarity, kunyungudika kwadzo kwakasiyana zvishoma (glyoxylic acid ine polarity yakasimba uye kunyungudika kwakakwira zvishoma mumvura).
Nzvimbo yekunyunguduka
Pokunyunguduka kwe glyoxylic acid inenge 98℃, nepo glycolic acid iri 78-79℃. Musiyano uyu unobva kumasimba epakati pemamorekuru (boka realdehyde re glyoxylic acid rine kugona kwakasimba kwekuumba hydrogen bonds neboka re carboxyl).
Kushandiswa kwakasiyana
Inonyanya kushandiswa muindasitiri yekugadzira organic, senge kugadzira vanillin (flavouring), allantoin (mishonga yekukurudzira kupora kwemaronda), p-hydroxyphenylglycine (mishonga yemishonga), nezvimwewo. Inogona zvakare kushandiswa sekuwedzera mu electroplating solutions kana mu cosmetics (ichishandisa hunhu hwayo hwekuderedza uye antioxidant). Zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza vhudzi: Sechinhu chinogadzirisa ganda, inobatsira kugadzirisa tambo dzebvudzi dzakakuvara uye kuwedzera kupenya kwebvudzi (inofanira kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinhu kuderedza kutsamwa).
Se α -hydroxy acid (AHA), kushandiswa kwayo kukuru kunonyanya kushandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda. Inoshanda sechinhu chinobvisa mavanga (nekunyungudutsa zvinhu zvinobatanidza pakati peganda kuti zvikurudzire kubuda kweganda rakafa), kugadzirisa matambudziko akadai seganda rakakora uye mavanga emapundu. Pamusoro pezvo, inoshandiswawo muindasitiri yemachira (semushonga wekupukuta), mishonga yekuchenesa (yekubvisa mavanga), uye mukugadzirwa kwemapurasitiki anoora (polyglycolic acid).
Musiyano mukuru pakati pezviviri izvi unobva mumapoka anoshanda: glyoxylic acid ine boka realdehyde (rine hunhu hwakasimba hwekuderedza, hunoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa), uye glycolic acid ine boka rehydroxyl (rinogona kusimbiswa, rinoshandiswa mukuchengetedza ganda uye muminda yezvinhu). Kubva pakugadzirwa kusvika kune zvakasikwa uye kusvika pakushandiswa, zvese zvinoratidza musiyano mukuru nekuda kwekusiyana uku kukuru.
Nguva yekutumira: Nyamavhuvhu-11-2025